The construction of a post-academic university: Opportunity or status quo?

cooperation, locking down of universities, and perhaps some thinking time over managerialisms and other power processes in academic work.


Introduction
Much has been written in the wake of universities changing from knowledge institutes to education-producing entities under neoliberal conditions -from Birnbaum's How Colleges Work (1989) via the ironic concept of McUniversity (Parker & Jary 1995;Ritzer 1996) all the way to Nelson's No University Is an Island (2011), both of which are more or less activist and meekly despairing works on the quality, and thus the future, of academia in international and national contexts (Flikkema 2016;Lorenz 2012;Shefer 2019a;Sobuwa & McKenna 2019). By and large the growing hegemony of neoliberalism, that is, the belief that all organisations and institutions ultimately could thrive on market-economy principles, followed up by the consecutive 'privatisation' of healthcare, public transport and education, has produced some unintended effects, to put it mildly. And now that the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has occupied centre stage, bringing traveling and conferencing to a halt, perhaps this pandemic will bring things to a standstill, enabling us to contemplate more acutely our ways 1 and show us the limits of our ever-expanding industrial method of producing academic knowledge and education.
In this reflective article based on Academia in Crisis (AiC), I propose to explore issues in higher education from the perspectives embedded in the European tradition (and increasingly the Anglo-Saxon-infused traditions to begin with), not least because its influence can be considered to have a neo-colonial stance on academia worldwide, and maybe invasively so in the Global South. We will be reflecting then on the transformation of 'academia', that is, on knowledge production, reflection and critical thinking infusing education. Next, we will look at international (global) scholarship via the 'uniformisation' of educational structures and calendars. Subsequently, we will study how it has increased the colonisation of the lifeworld of academics and lecturers via overwork and time pressures. And, finally, from a specific angle, we will present its impact on (new) ways of class-related and diversity-enhancing effects that could bring about different access options for students from different backgrounds, under the paradoxical idea that education-for-all might bring about societal change. These effects feature in AiC, as it was written from a European context. For a non-European, more global readership, however, other questions should necessarily be raised from, and perhaps in contrast to, those insights. Thus, it seems important to include reflections on higher education and the position of universities from elsewhere, particularly those reflections inspired by the global call for 'decolonisation' and transformation of education as exemplified in the recent volume by Rob Pattman and Ronelle Carolissen, Transforming Transformation (2018), and inspired by the works of Mbembe (2015), Tate and Page (2018), Sobuwa and McKenna (2019) and others. This kind of reflection is usually done in terms of structures and systems. Yet, more specifically, it should also include the potential of bringing about change towards a genuinely democratic, that is, an inclusive, socially just and societally relevant, view on education. By looking at what is hindering academics (and students, cf. Kamsteeg 2016) from achieving their potential, as well as by acknowledging the need for decolonisation, along with looking at what we have in common (critique), and where or how we differ (neo-and decolonisation), might be able to bring about mutual collaborative thinking in order to feed a critical view on how we position ourselves in global academic work. More importantly, by striving for debates and conversations between the respective academic traditions and needs, this ultimately should lead to genuine transformation for all regions.

Academia's crises
What has happened with higher education in Europe over, say, the last three decades, and how has this influenced academic habits and rules elsewhere? In Europe, a marker for change was the 1999 'Bologna Treaty' 2 in which the structure of higher education was 'uniformised' for the European Union (EU) countries, with the aim of providing education across borders and changing higher education so that the European ideal of Bildung, that is, a broad and critical, self-reflective mode of education, would again be revived, whilst at the same time establishing greater opportunities for international education (e.g. Abrahám 2019; Bianchini 2019). Obviously, in Europe, higher education is not really a matter 2.For the full text of the Declaration, visit: https://www.eurashe.eu/library/ bologna_1999_bologna-declaration-pdf/.
of distant learning, as the continent is small enough to travel easily from one place to another, and 'in the old days' travelling for one's education was quite a common practice, not only on an academic level but also for a lot of professions (e.g. painters, builders and others -with differences from one of the then ruling kingdoms to another, of course) (Bauman & Donskis 2013:135 ff.). Still, within the EU so many different timetables, accountability systems and management structures were in place that higher education systems were scarcely compatible. This implied that it did not really make sense for students to travel abroad to study, even in those cases where programmes were obviously better or only existed abroad. In the context of the growing pressure to shorten study times and become more 'efficient' in education, the Bologna Treaty offered the promise of open borders and more equal opportunities by claiming 'compatibility and comparability' (Louvain -Louvain la Neuve 2009) in higher education.
However, since the mid-1980s, another global capitalistdriven development was taking place on a wider scale and thus contextualising any innovation in the public sector: neoliberalisation, meaning the gradual industrialisation, financial accountability and increased control, accompanied by the Thatcherite expression 'there is no alternative' (TINA) (Bauman & Donskis 2016). This driving force of sense-making in all realms of the public sector (worldwide, see below) has brought about a lot of the structures, systems, and social contracts that we now live and work by. Maybe unintentionally, TINA has become a symbolic marker and the core driver of control, especially in universities, as these have come to be seen as the embodiment of technological and practice-oriented, useful solutions. Furthermore, TINA fits the zeitgeist in an awkward way: it is nice to 'have no alternative', as this presupposes that straightforward solutions and rational options are out there, to be applied instantly, and, if not, 'science' will or will have to come up with the answers soon.
Was the Bologna Treaty partly meant to prevent the TINA effect from taking place? Or were both developments part of similar societal phenomena that represent our so-called 'liquid modernity', Zygmunt Bauman's (2000) symbolic term for making sense of postmodern times? Has reliance on old structures vanished in order to ultimately be replaced by new forms of ongoing control based on shifting configurations of identification? Bauman and Donskis' later work Moral Blindness (2013) confirms the dystopian undercurrents that transpired from a postmodern notion of our lifeworld. Not only in universities, but also on a far wider, global scale, the 'uniformisation of systems' needed to steer worldwide consumerist production and globalised reproduction.
Let us first have a look at how signals of alienation, separation 3 and an increase in systems of accountability, control and measurability of just-about-everything have worked out. Obviously, this is necessarily an embarrassing process because as academics most of us have been part of that process; we have been compliant for a long time. Already around the turn of this century colleagues were speaking up against the growing managerialism in universities, but the soothing and seducing effect of organisational consultants explaining how and why common systems for measurement and quality control could only serve the collective striving for excellent science and education gave way to ever more 'uniformisation' of our trade. The promotion of 'fairness' in compatibility and comparability turned out to be a powerful discursive device to separate resistance from compliance. After all, who could say 'no' to quality control, accountability and a collective striving for excellence? Universities as institutes of education, in a very broad sense Bildung, have in Europe historically always navigated between deep thinking, the art of reflection and the production of knowledge to inspire, guide and provide instruments to 'serve society' as a whole. Yet, this is true perhaps more commonly for specific parts of societies via policies, politics and power tools. In our day and age, TINA has disrupted, at least partly, the multi-dimensional character of science and academia. A society that does not like, or claims not to need, 'alternatives' because certainty and palpable results are valued more seems to be looking for confirmation of 'no alternative'. This becomes clear, for instance, in the paradoxical wish for science to know all the answers and at the same time produce those within a set timeframe. A fine example of this twisted requirement is the emergence of state research bodies that divide up the scarce money for research. Apart from any general criticism about a state body taking over the responsibility for dividing scarce resources, the projects on offer by those bodies have begun to include fixed outcomes in terms of 'results' and 'usefulness', thereby tempting scientists to predict and produce results before a research project can even be carried out, including short-term calculated benefits. This latter preferably also occurs in terms of commodification of public-private partnerships. As a representative of my own country once said, reacting to a grant application that he really liked '… but now let us translate this fine project into economic terms. After all, we need to present research in terms of interest for our national big companies in order to make a real difference '. 4 4.2016, field notes Ethiopia -During the project 'Creating Opportunities? Economic empowerment, political positioning and participation of sex workers in Kenya Donskis in the context of the commercialisation of science talks about 'zombie concepts' (Atkinson 2007;Beck 2001;Donskis et al. 2019:32), referring to discursive devices that thrive and are being juggled mainly by university management and politicians. These concepts do not carry meaning anymore, and therefore have to be revised and reconstructed whilst critically rethinking meaning and impact. Think of autonomy, academic freedom, excellence and, lately, diversity or inclusion, and academic ethics. They become part of management and consultant speak, and finally appear in reports measuring performances and boost reputations in rat races between universities, whereas perhaps originally universities were there to jointly and collectively produce new knowledge, satisfy curiosity and serve collective societal needs via the benefit of education for all (Johnson 2006;Kamsteeg 2016). Reconstruction and revision of those concepts will require a critical look at the uses and application of those central concepts for university life, and perhaps a critical look at who benefits most from the lists and sheets where markers of 'excellence' are being counted and accounted for.
It almost goes without saying that the dream of internationally compatible university education from the Bologna Treaty has become co-opted and digested into management speak and the requirements of comparability in universities' administrative dungeons. Furthermore, the internationalisation of study programmes has materialised on paper and websites, but is still a difficult thing to do because of administrative jungles and shortening of study times, unless one has the funds to extend the time available for study. Yes, some institutes of liberal arts education have appeared, providing space for students to enter academic life via a broad range of topics and enabling them to peak into other fields rather than directly being geared towards their specific interests. University Colleges have popped up in many EU countries (Abrahám 2019;Bianchini 2019 This is not only related to shorter timeframes for studies and huge cohorts in the undergraduate phases, but also further on, in the extension of the curriculum. It becomes ever more common to plan a PhD, or another post-doctorate study programme, right after a master's degree. Increasingly, the system of 'graduate schools' has entered universities, as if to suggest that the extension of the curriculum is necessary to build a career, suggesting that real science needs elite extension, whilst more likely hiding what has been rationalised out of traditional programmes (and the timeframes in which people were supposed to study). The design and structuration of study programmes demonstrates that efficiency, that is, a smooth programme, preferably to be finalised in a 'set time', is of core importance, more important than ever before. Apart from being related to the system of output finance for universities (finance is dependent on the diplomas obtained more than on actual student participation and performance), efficiency as a core value in university management leads to compression of space, time and people, just like everywhere else in industrial cultures.
The latter, that is, efficiency, also shapes the work of academics, or rather those who do the teaching. Increasingly, their tasks are extended with additional administrative tasks mainly serving accountability devices, coupled with precariousness in their working conditions, which take up about 40% of their time. 6 In the Netherlands, some universities face increasing percentages of flexible personnel, especially in academic positions, 7 leading to uneven division of age groups over the teaching community, and especially to patchwork contracts for younger people who sometimes have to work extremely hard without knowing if they will ever obtain any job certainty (Sabelis 2019). It seems only logical that the combination of work pressure, if not work stress, and precariousness in working conditions does not exactly help develop a critical attitude amongst young academics, mainly because only those who can and want to comply will survive within the system. What will that ultimately mean for the quality of research and education? What if slow thinkers and critical teachers have left academia in the near future when we will need them to escape uniform thinking? Bunn and Bennet (2020)  beforehand what the process will produce. And, according to Wels in AiC (2019:119 ff.), one of the markers of current developments is the loss of reading as a contemplative activity that helps us experience the combination of deep knowledge and time. In current academic life, the production of books, or monographs, has been replaced by a steady flow of journal articles. And journal articles are supposed to be published in high-ranking journals, internationally. In many countries, article publication has become more important than feeding research results back to communities, as I learned from the arrangements some South-East Asian colleagues have to live by. 8 This happens not as a conscious choice but as an effect of managerialist organisation of both research and teaching processes. After all, in a competitive environment, we need measurements to be able to distinguish better research from the normal, and high performance from mediocre output. However, over the last two decades this has led to increasing output numbers, the measurement of journals according to standards largely outside the scope of their users, and the clogging of publication pipelines delaying publication times, instead of speeding up the spread of knowledge, in short, a form of 'temporal precarity' (Bunn & Bennet 2020) that adds to the structural precarities already highlighted.
The non-democratic, and probably neo-colonising undercurrents, in these processes are clear to most colleagues. Sometimes one sees minor results puffed up in order to meet the next publication deadline, instead of working on a book development over several years so as to build a full and nuanced picture of a field, a problem, or a development or a well-wrought solution. 'Uniformisation' of publication opportunities does not necessarily lead to higher quality. And, at the end of the day, huge numbers of articles do not really enable an overview in any field; we plainly do not have the time to read everything published on a topic that interests us, provided that we have access to all the outlets in the first place. This paradoxical development at first sight triggers the plea to 'slow down', for contemplation and taking it slow, for being reflective, and thinking things over. However, as long as the underlying systemic causes are not addressed, slowing down will only lead to backlash in the rat race of academic performance. The exception, perhaps, lies in those senior colleagues who, after retirement and retreat from the everyday bureaucratic business, finally can 'do what they really like': deep thinking and well-wrought writing. And so who does the teaching whilst seniors are publishing? The answer is usually younger colleagues who have become socialised into the system with big teaching loads, with the message being that if you are looking for normal working hours, the university is not the place to be. 9 In summary, these developments, the increase of what is euphemistically termed practice orientation, the 'uniformisation' 8.This anonymous reference will have to do because of possible restrictions of those same National Funding Bodies, if more precise information is to be revealed (Private field notes 2018).
9.At the start of the academic year 2020-2021, in September 2020, students in the Netherlands painted 10 000 pink squares on the pavement between the old university building in the centre of Utrecht and the new science area at the city border. They had calculated that overwork of academics adds up to 10 000 extra hours per week.
of teaching and research and the concomitant time pressures (because systems plainly do not include all tasks in working times) together demonstrate a changing position for academia in our societies, as post-academic production institutions managed like global businesses. Too often over the last couple of years, I have witnessed those bureaucratic systems spreading (or colonising, for that matter) on a global scale, with the consequence that we face 'uniformisation' of higher education across borders to the detriment of local knowledge, needs and skills. What about transformation then? Does this mean new forms of colonisation of the curriculum globally? How does this relate to calls for decolonisation (e.g.Jansen 2019; Mbembe 2015Mbembe , 2016Shefer 2019b)? That is a question I cannot answer; it needs discussion and contemplation by those who stand for education on all levels, and preferably more comparative conversations across borders.

Colonisation/decolonisation, transformation and other questions
Let me illustrate where I think we stand now with two inspiring quotes I derived from the foreword of Transforming Transformation by Rob Pattman and Ronelle Carolissen (eds. 2018) -with the promising subtitle 'South African offerings'! Indeed, this book speaks to me from the context of South Africa -and provides so much familiarity and parallel thought -whilst at the same time demonstrating that in the debates on a global scale, different issues are at stake and different voices need to be heard. There is a different fighting spirit -caught in the middle as universities in South Africa navigate between commodified and commercialised international academic life and the genuine, very palpable and important context of racism, neo-and de-colonisation, and the development of African science and voices in a context of forms of human violence that cry out for exactly the type of analysis we plead for. This context adds quite different dimensions to the necessity of decolonising, transforming, reflecting and changing systems of higher education, and of academe in general, whilst including creative, genuinely innovative and long-term research in the process. Looking in detail at intersectionalities of gender, race, class, language and other forms of positioning, the examples in Transforming Transformations provide a kaleidoscopic in-depth overview of all dimensions to be included and dealt with, as well as the different levels (managerial, pedagogical, training-wise and political) that feed into the debates 'on offer' -and show the amount of work to be done.
This only serves to bring the necessary debates closer and equally urgent, for both our contexts. It illustrates that, not just in Europe, nor just in South Africa, systematic exclusion is partly an unintentional consequence of the current state of universities … We have, since 1994, produced more than twenty national reports on our size, shape, admissions profiles, capacity to provide accommodation, leadership and governance, funding, research priorities, teaching and learning priorities, transformation and the broad mission we want to see the system adopting. Every single institution in the system has been examined, for various reasons, multiple times. (eds. Pattman & Carolissen 2018ii) I would like to add that it does not just follow up on 1994 as a historical moment in South Africa. It was around that time that the TINA model came to dominate just about worldwide and forever rendered higher education more a business than a safe place for learning and thinking. The inevitability of this is illustrated by the second quote dealing with those who tried to resist the development and were ridiculed and dismissed: … They [the resisters -IS] are in this sense Fanonian in their vision. Like Fanon, they read widely and took in what they needed to know, looked around themselves and pondered on their own experiences, and then, critically, ventured into theorising the world in which they lived. The analyses went beyond their own narratives. They began from where they were.
In the belly of the beast. They ended up explaining modern contradiction in its wondrous complexity. (eds. Pattman & Carolissen 2018:iv) However, as we can see from the sum total of the chapters in Transforming Transformations, resistance is thriving on so many levels and from so many angles that the aftermath of TINA is not an easy situation to deal with. It will undoubtedly take time to balance the struggles involved not only from a geographical or global point of view but also in terms of weighing out dimensions of diversities (intersectionalities) more broadly against the interest of those who demand an immediate result.
Ultimately, of course, the question is, 'where do we go from here?' How can we escape from the dystopian undertone in this analysis of a culture of post-academic life (managerial research and teaching)? I have to admit that the South African contribution, Transforming Transformations, has a firm grounding in the daily lives of people -far more related to the lifeworld and the daily injustices experienced by ordinary people than the contemplative work of AiC. Will the South African critique, firmly rooted in an overall critique on academia from the position of decolonisation, bring about a greater sense of urgency to change? And at the same time, will the greater counting/accounting and jurisdiction than perhaps elsewhere (remember the example of South-East Asia) lead to more resistance and a plea for more local benefits from research and teaching alike? How come that in our countries the establishment of rules and monitoring systems continues to be seen, or at least promoted to be, a panacea to produce social justice and integrity in education?

Reflections
Now perhaps we can all agree that the ideal university does not exist, and perhaps should not exist if we are to take the ultimate consequence of decolonisation seriously. The very idea of 'ideal' renders difference obsolete, and kills discussion and reflection. Moreover, it would ultimately kill a lively, temporally/contemporarily fit idea of education in academia in terms of ongoing development and change. What binds us, however, and what we have in common, is the TINA flavour of how our universities are managed, producing regimes of counting/accounting, examination and comparability that hinder education instead of supporting it, and which include and co-opt all of us to such an extent that we seemingly cannot change or deflect that development.
The point with TINA is that it is colonial (the 'no alternative' is framed from a Northern, capitalist point of view). Additionally, TINA also implies fixation on one system, which allows for no change whatsoever over time and across borders.
The main thing is that we find ourselves in a global movement towards measurements, and a specific understanding of justice and fairness (all measured the same, and geared towards ready-made solutions and efficiency, preferably) that excludes people's diversity in the first place. In Europe it has produced ivory towers, particularly from natural sciences' habits, whilst claiming to provide access for all. In South Africa it impedes decolonisation through its blind spot for the colonial undercurrent in promoting a globally uniform system. Underlying this are commodification, commercialisation, and especially rationalisation of control in Higher Education (HE) -be it because the business world calls for a specific type of employee, with very applicable skills and not too many questions, or be it because some groups of students claim the right of a diploma because they have paid regardless of their efforts. We face a non-recognition of human needs based on background variables that feed the up-or-out undercurrent in most educational systems in the world, or by fighting over who suffers most from the current system instead of unveiling new (and traditional) boundaries that separate us when we construct hierarchies when it comes to forms of exclusion. Are we thus facing a postacademic society or a post-university one, one where young people can just come and pick up their qualification, whilst thinking, debate and reflection need a new space, new niches to flourish, outside HE institutions? Or is it high time we just refuse to accept that we are functioning between bureaucratised systems and desperate students in neverending working days and weeks? Although some of this is just the reality we live in, the question is whether we should accept this as a future present. And, if we do not, what can we do?

Dystopia and conversations
I do not necessarily embrace a dystopic view of universities.
In the European context, it might be sensible to have universities consider restructuring, for example, between professional, high-skill-based institutions versus other spaces for reflection from the angles of philosophy and preparation for research (like honours programmes and research masters at present). Obviously, both streams require accessibility for all, but choices, mentoring and selection should from the outset be based on motivation and career prospects, not on perceived status of diplomas with no consideration whatsoever for future prospects, individually as well as societally. I know this may sound elitist, but maybe we might just allow ourselves to be aware of, and try to counter, the unintended effects of 'university for all', for example, in ever bigger classes and inevitably in devaluation of diplomas over time. As for the South African context, I can only imagine that decolonisation requires a total rethink of all forms of education geared towards what is required in the South in general and in South Africa more specifically. Pattman and Carolissen's work provides a panoramic overview of interrelated fields that together demonstrate concern for social, economic, pedagogical and political dimensions that should be addressed in combination. The main implication seems to be that as long as we remain under the rule of neo-liberal production and business thinking in our institutions, not much will change. Young colleagues continue being selected based on their perseverance in managing huge classes/cohorts and on their capacity to comply with counting, journal article publishing and successful, that is, big-money grant applications. Yes, that is our world, and increasingly not a very attractive one for the brightest and the most creative amongst our students. Sometimes we find ourselves inclined to advise them then to opt for 'real business', because there you clearly know that production is what you are paid for. At the same time, let us indeed keep trying to expose the myth of how the content and practice of academia are indeed still colonial, not least because of the way academia more and more produces scholars who do not think in terms of themselves but in terms of the world of business and marketing. Despite the lip service paid to social justice in all dimensions, 10. Guo and Radder (2020) analyse the differences between Chinese and European attitudes towards the sciences, the latter aspiring to be more contemplative, the former traditionally/historically geared towards the production of practical solutions.
it is our task to expose those discourses as protracting 'colonial' practices in HE. Perhaps it is time that we draw more on the ideas of our colleagues from South Africaand other postcolonial or globally marginalised spaces -in order to provide us with notions of decolonisation and transformation. To the extent that we can see these as watchwords, we can remind ourselves that there are options aside from TINA, away from a dystopic system. That type of transformation invites a critical rethink of the commodified mode that characterises a large part of global academia these days.

Afterthought
The current Covid-19 pandemic provides an almost cynical illustration of the long-term consequences of the TINA impact on academia. Where universities and research institutes have been forced into fierce competition over the last decades, all of a sudden they are required to join forces and collectively 'fight the pandemic'. Very often, in this situation of notknowing, this leads to competitive debates amongst scientists, revealing, on the one hand, how science works: a process of trial and error, and of deep debates, thinking and disagreeing.
On the other hand, however, the development and production, for example, of a vaccine largely seems to be taking place in laboratories that have learnt to protect their own interests. They only collaborate with others (universities, institutes and global firms) after long negotiations over who benefits from what, and how, in terms of revenues and reputation. In the panic around stopping the pandemic and at the same time finding long-term solutions via a vaccine, countries are designing their own local policies, and scientists are having a hard time agreeing and sharing knowledge about what needs to be done.
The Covid-19 pandemic also has brought much of life to a standstill. Ironically, this global disaster may offer a golden opportunity to disrupt the globalised corporatisation of universities. Whilst travelling less (saving time!) and being confined to our homes, we end up inventing new ways of dealing with our everyday tasks, with the help of colleagues, worldwide or close by. On the one hand, some tasks now seem obsolete, like conferencing and producing one paper after the other. On the other hand, distance teaching and learning are finally serving TINA in an unexpected way. Although undoubtedly there are huge differences around the world, the switch to online communication brings about much extra time for preparation, re-scheduling and (finally?) learning to juggle with all the web-based options that were available already, but now have to be used. Apart from the attempt to force the old ways into new systems, we also have the unique chance to revise the status quo. Whilst some want to return to 'normal', some embrace the 'new normal' and see a chance to redesign patterns that have been hurting for some time. What if… we use our spare time to turn to a real transformation of higher education based on insight into the zombie concepts of excellence and performance? Do we have a choice between pursuing the further 'uniformisation' of curricula or do we seize the opportunity to rethink academia?
Working from our homes, wherever we are, now is the time for conversations, for meeting up with the 'offerings' that the debates over decolonisation and transformation bring.